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5 Weapons That Changed the World


History is filled with some great weapons, but generals like to say that wars are won with soldiers, not swords. What do they know? We like to keep abreast of our collective militant pasts, and can certainly think of a couple of devices of war that changed the course of world history. In honor of summer revolutionary holidays (and because we were too busy blowing ourselves up on July 4th), we're honoring France's Bastille Day on July 14 with five revolutionary weapon technologies that changed the game -- and changed the world. Vive la révolution!



The weapon: The Guillotine

The technology: This killing machine made use of a wooden frame, a heavy, angled blade, and a little force called gravity to lop off heads during the French Revolution in the 1790s.

How it changed the world: As the Revolution progressed, citizens began to vocalize their complaints about perceived inequality in execution methods of the day. This was a new France! It wasn't fair that nobles got beheaded with a dignified sword and everyone else got tossed on the agonizing breaking wheel. Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotin was tasked with finding a way to humanely separate people from their heads. Inspired by a similar beheading device from 13th century called the Halifax Gibbet, Guillotin's crew emerged with a sleek, indiscriminate machine that would come to represent the entire revolution. It was the first real effort to make capital punishment quick and painless (not to mention efficient), and after the revolutionaries ran out of people to kill, they finally got around to shoring up their democracy.


The weapon: Little Boy

The technology: The world's first nuclear bomb, lovingly named "Little Boy," was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. In one instant, it killed an estimated 140,000 people, effectively ended WWII, and ushered in a new era of military strategy based on apocalyptic-style destruction. The bomb used a simple "gun method" to achieve the nuclear fission chain reaction: It worked by using conventional explosives to blast two pieces of uranium-235 into each other inside the bomb chamber, which would then go critical and commence bringing about death and destruction in a very good impression of 18,000 tons of TNT.

How it changed the world: If you've ever seen 'Dr. Strangelove,' you understand the combination of fear, military escalation, and sheer insanity that followed the development of the bomb. A single bomb dropped from a propeller-driven airplane gave way to thousands of thermonuclear warheads squirreled away around the globe in missile silos, jet bombers, and nuclear submarines during the greatest arms race of all time. By the end of the 1950s, the world had enough nuclear firepower to blow up half the solar system. Thankfully, cooler heads prevailed when Little Boy's cousin Fat Man blew up Nagasaki and became the last nuke ever used in battle.


The weapon: Greek Fire

The technology: Super flammable liquid was squirted out of iron syringes, or slung in iron balls onto enemy troops, who then would have to deal with their sudden immolation (a fact that tended to decrease their fighting efficacy). Developed by the Byzantines in the 6th century, the exact recipe for Greek fire is unknown and probably varied. It's thought to be comprised of petroleum and sulfur, or saltpeter. Siege tactics were common in those days, as was naval combat, and a good way to stop a siege tower was to soak it in flames. Oh, and Greek Fire was lighter than water, meaning it could float on the open ocean and wreak havoc on the wooden ships of the day.

How it changed the world: The Chinese had already developed explosives, but Greek Fire brought about a new class of incendiary weapons that were capable of greater destruction with little effort. Did we mention that Turkish cavalry used to fill hollow eggs with the material and throw them like grenades?





The weapon: The Ferguson Rifle

The technology: It's safe to say that guns changed the world, but early, black-powder muskets required so much time standing around reloading that it was often simpler just to get the dirty work done with a bayonet. Likely frustrated by all the mucking about standing in open fields ramming powder down a gun barrel, British Major Patrick Ferguson designed a breech-loading rifle in 1770 that allowed the gun to be quickly loaded from the rear.

How it changed the world: Since the weapon was loaded from the back, it allowed for spiraled rifling in the barrel. Rifling dramatically increases range and accuracy due to the spin it imparts on the projectile -- this in turn allowed for longer range engagements and eventually made face to face line combat obsolete.



The weapon: The V2

The technology: The V2 ballistic missile grew out of early German rocket tests led by Wernher von Braun. The scientific endeavor was co-opted by the Nazi war machine in the 1930s, and the research project -- that made the V2 the first man-made object to reach outer space -- became one of the most terrifying weapons of all time. Engineering triumphs, from its complex inertial guidance system and liquid-fueled rocket engine, allowed the V2 to strike predetermined targets in England from launch sites across the English Channel, and the missile's extreme, supersonic speeds made it absolutely silent until after it had turned your street into a hellish, fiery crater.

How it changed the world:
When a single, non-nuclear weapon is responsible for inspiring one of the greatest books of the 20th century (Thomas Pynchon's 'Gravity's Rainbow'), you know it deserves a place on this list. As much a psychological weapon as a physical one, British fear of the V2 was disproportionately larger than the number of deaths from the bomb. That same fear was pervasive in the 1970s thanks to the V2's descendants: nuclear-armed ICBMs. Of course, history is a double edged sword -- the V2 research effectively began the space race. Most of the V2 engineers were snapped up at the end of WWII by the U.S. and the Soviet Union to run each country's nascent space programs.

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